Comfort and cow behavior during periods of intense precipitation

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of prolonged precipitation as rain on the behavior and comfortable resting place of cows by housing on open feedlots with and without shelters. It was found that the duration of lying down was longer by 47 minutes for the variant of housing on open feedlots with shelters and eating feed by 8 minutes in compared to open feedlots without shelters. Concerning to the indicators of standing and motion behaviour, the duration of these behavioural act by the variant of housing on open feedlots without shelters was slightly longer compared to housing on open feedlots with shelters: by 29 and 18 minutes, respectively. The skin temperature of cows was 0.4 °C higher by housing on open feedlots without shelters than that cow by housing on open feedlots with shelters. The temperature of resting place under lying cow was also higher by housing on open feedlots without shelters (by 0.6 °C). At the same time, the temperature in recreation areas under the shelters prevailed by 0.2 °C, the same indicator by housing on open feedlots without shelters. The average values of daily energy consumption for basic metabolism and heat exchange were 1.50 MJ higher by housing on open feedlots without shelters. The best scores on the indices of hygienic assessment and comfort housing conditions were by the variant of housing on open feedlots with shelters. The cows were slightly less polluted on their flanks, udders and limbs by housing of this technology than by housing on open feedlots without shelters.


Introduction
Cows comfort is a management system that aims to preserve the health, increase life expectancy and productive animals use on the farm (Borshch, et al., 2019;Kulyaba et al., 2019;Grymak et al., 2020;Mazur et al., 2020). Sufficient feed supply, water and free access to them, fresh air, soft and clean litter in recreation area, comfortable stall equipment, high quality floor, adequate lighting -these are the main components of cows comfort. Research and experience show that comfort is provided when animals in cowshed feel natural and free, as well as on the pasture lands (Hempel et al., 2019;Borshch et al., 2020a).
Housing cows on open feedlots contributes to the better physiological functioning of the animal's body and has many advantages over housing them in various types of facilities (Calegari et al., 2014;Angrecka & Herbut, 2017). The main advantages of this housing type that animals are outdoors around the clock under the direct influence of ultraviolet rays. According to this variant of cows housing, there is an increased hormone serotonin concentration in blood, which has a positive effect on the course of metabolic processes in the body. Housing cattle on open feedlots and pastures are most favorable for the normal functioning of hoof horn. Research by many authors has confirmed a positive correlation between the effect of housing cows on open feedlots and percentage of culling from the herd due to limb problems (Schüller et al., 2014;Borshch et al., 2020b). Cows that are housed throughout the year or seasonally on open feedlots have better reproductive traits, higher feed conversion and significantly reduced risk of respiratory diseases (Smith et al., 2016). Open feedlots come in a variety of types, with different variants for placing feed table (on one or both sides, or all the way around), with shelters or without them, artificial lighting, such adjacent to the facilities and those that provide for grazing animals on specially organized alleys (Borshch et al, 2017a;Borshch et al., 2017b;Ruban et al., 2020). All these technological elements improve or worsen the comfort housing cows (Brown-Brandl et al., 2005;Angrecka & Herbut 2016;Yi et al., 2018). Low temperatures combined with intense precipitation and wind have an impact on the physiological characteristics and behavior of cattle (Bergen et al., 2001;Kennedy et al., 2005). The sympathetic nervous system elicits three main physiological responses to cold stress: increased heat production metabolism, increased heart rate and mobilization of free fatty acids for Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(6), 2020 metabolism (Broucek et al., 1991;Ruban et al., 2017). Behavioral responses during periods of intense precipitation can be divided into two categories: animals try to find a warm and comfortable place to rest in order to reduce the influence of temperature factor and change the duration of behavioural act (Houseal & Olson, 1995;Redbo et al., 2001). Cold stress significantly affects to the animals' bodies when they are kept on pastures all year round (Kadzere et al., 2002;Mondaca et al., 2013). Low temperatures combined with wind and precipitation increase the level of cortisol hormone in cow's blood, which is a stress marker (Webster et al., 2008). Animals would seek the shelter of forests or shelters and do not willingly lie down on wet and dirty ground, which leads to loss of productivity (Schutz et al., 2010). Accordingly, the influence of these conditions leads to the fact that cows increased their metabolic activity in order to release heat to maintain their own body temperature (Ames & Insley, 1987). As a result, the energy need for basic metabolism increases and consequently the amount of energy for other processes, such as milk production and sexual activity decreases (Broucek et al., 1991). The purpose of this research was to study the influence of prolonged precipitation on the behavior and comfortable resting place of dairy cows by housing on open feedlots with and without shelters.

Materials and Methods
Weather. The research was conducted in the Central Forest-Steppe (Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region) during the period of intense precipitation in the form of rain and strong wind gusts (from 19.05 to 31.05 2020). The main weather indicators for different research periods are shown in table 1. Cows. We used Ukrainian black and speckled cow's breed of 1-3 lactation increasing the milk yield (50 to 120 day of lactation).
Types of housing cows. The research was conducted in two farms by the variants of housing cows on open feedlots with and without shelters.
Comfort techniques. The comfort conditions of housing livestock were determined by a complex score, which consisted of the following indicators: daily behavior of cows, animals' contamination, limbs and udders injuries. The presence of unsatisfactory indicators (daily behavior does not correspond to established standards, frequent lameness in herd, too contaminated limbs or udders) were considered as zero comfort -0 points, satisfactory indicators (partially contaminated limbs or udders) were 0.5 points and the absence of unsatisfactory indicators were 1 point. The highest amount of points indicates comfort and advantage of housing technology. The hygiene assessment was performed by 3-point Cook', (2007) scale. Cows whose udder, limbs and flanks were not dirt put 1 point and for cows with a small contamination of limbs (or flanks) put 2 points and for cows with contaminated parts of the body put 3 points.
Behaviour. Cow' behavior was determined by using indoor security cameras. 12 IP cameras (2 MG) are installed by T-1variant of housing cow; 8 Hikvision cameras (Full HD) by open feedlot with shelters and 12 Hikvision cameras (Full HD) by open feedlot without shelters. Shooting in all storerooms takes place around the clock. In sheds, rest area and manger space recorded by camera.The daily cows' behavior was recording for two consecutive days around the clock during intense precipitation period. Every 10 minutes in the experimental groups recorded the number of cows that eating, lying down and standing during the observation.
Thermal conditions. The average daily precipitation was determined by the Kyiv Center for Hydrometeorology. The cows skin surface temperature was determined in two places: on rumen and in the region of the last inter costal space by using a remote infrared thermometer Thermo Spot Plus (Germany). The temperature at the resting place as well as under the lying cow was determined by the thermometer A36PF-D43 (USA). Costs of energy for heat production were calculated according to the methods of Kadzere et al. (2002).
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10 (6), 2020 Statistical analysis. The obtained data were statistically processed using STATISTICA (Version 11.0, 2012) software. The Student's t-test was used to estimate the statistical significance of the obtained values. Data were considered significant at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001.

Results and Discussion
Research have shown that duration of the main behavioural acts of cows during intense precipitation and strong wind gusts differed depending by type of housing (table 2) The results of our research do not coincide by Schütz et al., 2010, in which indicated a reduction in the duration of cows lying time under shelters during periodic simulation of rain and wind. Parameters of cow behavior can be used by farm workers as a signal about their health, comfort housing and well-being. They show the advantages or disadvantages of feeding, housing and reproduction processes. Knowledge of the daily main acts duration of cows' behavior by various housing technologies are indicators that helps and improves the processes of herd management. Our research have shown that the indicators of the number of cows that eat feed immediately after it is distributed, or milking, and the number of cows that rested and chewed cud of 1.5 hours after feed distribution by 2.35 and 1.22% prevailed by housing on open feedlots with shelters (table 3). The data obtained indicate slightly higher ethological indicators of cow comfort by this variant of extensive housing. Note: as compared with feedlot with shelters Indicators of skin temperature, resting places and resting places under a lying cow are important because they affect on energy consumption of animals (Kadzere et al., 2002). In our research, the skin temperature of cows was 0.  We used comfort index for a more detailed assessment of cows housing on open feedlots (table 5). The best scores for all indices were by variant of housing on open feedlots with shelters. The cows were slightly less polluted on their flanks, udders and limbs by this technology of housing than by housing on open feedlots without shelters.

Conclusions
It has established that shelters on open feedlots during precipitation period as rain had a positive impact on ethological indicators of comfortable housing conditions in comparison by housing on open feedlots without shelters. In addition, lower daily energy costs for basic metabolism and heat production were observed by this housing system, as well as better average values of the indices of hygienic assessment and comfortable housing conditions.