Recovery under pressure: Pollinator services and biodiversity trends across restored and human-modified landscapes
Abstract
Pollinators are crucial for ecosystem function, agricultural productivity and biodiversity maintenance, yet they face increasing pressures from habitat loss, land-use change, climate stress and agrochemical exposure. Restoration of degraded landscapes and management of human-modified ecosystems are critical strategies to sustain pollinator services and maintain biodiversity. This article examines the dynamics of pollinator populations and associated biodiversity trends across restored and human-altered landscapes, integrating evidence from field studies, meta-analyses and ecological modeling. It highlights how habitat complexity, floral diversity, connectivity and landscape management practices influence pollinator recovery and ecosystem resilience. The article further explores trade-offs between agricultural intensification and conservation goals, emphasizing strategies that optimize pollination services, biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability. Understanding these trends is vital for informing restoration practices, landscape planning and policy frameworks that support both biodiversity conservation and human well-being under global change.